Fernando Henrique Cardoso
Kluge Prize Winner 2012

Why Awarded

Fernando Henrique Cardoso epitomizes how deep empirical scholarship can produce real political and economic changes for society's betterment. Trained as a sociologist, Cardoso eventually became the 34th President of Brazil. During his Presidency, he instituted policies that followed the logic of his earlier scholarship, tackling inflation, opening up the country to global markets, and instituting social programs to address poverty, lack of education, and racial inequality. His leadership transformed Brazil from an underdeveloped country on the periphery of the global economy into the world's sixth largest economy.

Citation

"President Cardoso has been the kind of modern scholar who combines deep study with respect for empirical evidence. His fundamental aspiration is to seek out the truth about society as it can best be determined, while remaining open to revisiting conclusions as new evidence accumulates whether from a more probing analysis or from changing political and economic realities. He has used and embodied many different aspects of the modern social sciences, and kept a humanitarian perspective."
—Librarian of Congress James H. Billington

Press

• Brazil’s Ex-Leader Honored as Scholar
  The New York Times - May 13, 2012
• Brazil’s Cardoso wins Kluge Prize
  The Washington Post - May 13, 2012
• The Man Behind Brazil’s Booming Economy
  PBS - July 30, 2012

Bio

Fernando Henrique Cardoso is one of the leading scholars and practitioners of political economy in recent Latin American history. His scholarly analysis of the social structures of government, the economy and race relations in Brazil laid the intellectual groundwork for his leadership as president in the transformation of Brazil from a military dictatorship with high inflation into a vibrant, more inclusive democracy with strong economic growth. A scholar of enormous intellectual energy, he has written or co-authored more than 23 scholarly books and 116 scholarly articles, with versions of each produced for a wider public.

Fernando Henrique Cardoso, sociologist, politician and president of Brazil from 1994 to 2002, was born in Rio de Janeiro. He received his doctorate from the University of Sao Paulo, where he began his career as a sociology professor and opponent of Brazil's military dictators. His first academic books, written in the 1950s, demonstrated the lingering prejudices, inequality and injustices in Brazilian society. His studies of the relations between races and classes moved to the study of the structures that conditioned them.

Cardoso's calls for a conceptual rethinking of economic growth, inequality, poverty and class differences led to his living in exile from 1964 to 1968, working at the UN Economic Commission for Latin America. Upon his return to Brazil, the government suspended his civil rights, and he was banned from teaching. His focus then shifted from economics and the structure of society to politics: how to restore democracy to Brazil and provide better opportunities for all. He built a non-government center of social research (CEBRAP) and collaborated with democractic organizations to expose the stark disparity between the impoverished lives of so many Brazilians despite high rates of economic development.

During the 1980s, Cardoso was elected to the Senate representing the state of Sao Paulo and became one of the founders of Brazil's centrist Social Democratic Party. Known as an inflation-fighting supporter of free market reforms, Cardoso was appointed economy minister of Brazil in 1993. In 1994, he was elected President, and re-elected in 1998. Using the research and scholarship from his earlier career, he instituted universal access to basic public education, strengthened a universal public health system, expanded land for those who needed it, and instituted a system of direct cash transfers to the poorest families in order to reduce poverty and inequality. Brazil grew to become the world's sixth largest economy, an energy giant with a booming manufacturing sector, and a growing middle class.

Cardoso's career epitomizes the link between academic practice and real-world action. His academic training equipped him to promote change and discredit myths, expose truths, and create a government that better serves society. Cardoso has been a visiting professor at various academic centers in Europe and the United States, including the College de France, the University of Paris, the University of Cambridge, the University of California at Berkeley and Stanford University. In 2003-2004, Cardoso was a Distinguished Visiting Scholar at The John W. Kluge Center.

Back to Winners

Selected Publications

• Côr e mobilidade social em Florianópolis: aspectos das relações entre negros e brancos numa comunidade do Brasil Meridional (1960)
• Capitalismo e escravidão no Brasil Meridional (1962)
• Empresário industrial e desenvolvimento econômico no Brasil (1964)
• "Authoritarianism and Democracy" (1975)
• "Sao Paulo: Growth and Poverty" (1978)
• "Dependency and Development in Latin America" (1979)

More

• "Sociologist, Scholar, President Cardoso Argues for Democracy Among Nations," (Library of Congress Information Bulletin, Mar. 2005)
• "The Need for Global Democratic Governance: The Perspective from Latin America" (Fourth Annual Kissinger Lecture, delivered by Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Feb. 22, 2005)