MARC 21 Concise Bibliographic: Control Field 008
This is an ARCHIVED VERSION of the 2001 electronic
edition of the MARC 21 Concise Formats. Please see
www.loc.gov/marc/concise/ for
the most up-to-date version of the electronic MARC 21 Concise Formats.
Information for Translators and Other Users
Items highlighted in red indicate changes made
after the 2000 edition of the MARC 21 Concise Formats was published and
are included in the 2001 printed edition of the MARC 21 Concise Formats.
This field contains 40 character positions (00-39) that provide
coded information about the record as a whole and about special
bibliographic aspects of the item being cataloged. These coded
data elements are potentially useful for retrieval and data
management purposes.
The data elements are positionally-defined. Character positions
that are not defined contain a blank (#). All defined character
positions must contain a defined code; for some field 008
positions, this may be the fill character (|). The fill character
may be used (in certain character positions) when a cataloging
organization makes no attempt to code the character position. The
fill character is not allowed in field 008 positions 00-05 (Date
entered on file). Its use is discouraged in positions 07-10 (Date
1), 15-17 (Place of publication, production, or execution), and the
008 position defined for Form of item (either position 23 or 29
depending upon the 008 configuration).
Character positions 00-17 and 35-39 are defined
the same across
all types of material, with special consideration for position 06.
The definition of character positions 18-34 was done independently
for each type of material, although certain data elements are
defined the same in the specifications for more than one type of
material. When similar data elements are defined for inclusion in
field 008 for different types of material, they occupy the same
field 008 character positions.
In the following documentation, character positions are described in the order
of their listing at the beginning of this section. Field 008 positions 00-17
and 35-39 (All materials) for
all types of material are described first, followed by seven groups of sections
for positions 18-34 (Books, Computer files, Maps,
Music, Serials, Visual materials and Mixed materials).
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Character Positions
- 00-05 - Date entered on file
The computer-generated, six-character numeric string
that
indicates the date the MARC record was created. The date is
recorded in the pattern
yymmdd. - 06 - Type of date/Publication status
A one-character code
that indicates that categorizes the type of
dates given in 008/07-10 (Date 1) and 008/11-14 (Date 2). For
serially-issued items, the code in 008/06 also indicates the
publication status.
The choice of code for 008/06 is made concurrently with a determination of
the appropriate dates for 008/07-14. For most records data is derived from
information in field 260 (Publication, Distribution, etc. (Imprint)), field
362 (Dates of Publication and/or Sequential
Designation),
or from note fields.
- b - No dates given; B.C. date
involved
Each character position in fields 008/07-10 and 008/11-14
contains a blank (#).
- c - Serial item currently
published
008/07-10 contain the beginning date of publication; 008/11-14
contain 9999.
- d - Serial item ceased
publication
008/07-10 contain the beginning date of publication; 008/11-14
contain the ending date of publication.
- e - Detailed date
008/07-10 contain the year and 008/11-14 contain the month and
day, recorded in the pattern
mmdd.
- i - Inclusive dates of
collection
- k - Range of years of bulk of
collection
- m - Multiple dates
008/07-10 usually contain the beginning date and 008/11-14 the
ending date.
- n - Dates unknown
Indicates that the dates appropriate for 008/07-10 and 008/11-14
are unknown (e.g., when
no dates are given in field 260).
- p - Date of distribution/release/issue and
production/recording session when different
- q - Questionable date
008/07-10 contain the earliest possible date; 008/11-14 contain
the latest possible date.
- r - Reprint/reissue date and original
date
008/07-10 contain the date of reproduction or reissue; 008/11-14
contain the date of the original, if known; 008/11-14 contain
code u ("uuuu"), if unknown.
- s - Single known date/probable
date
008/07-10 contain the date; 008/11-14 contain blanks
(####).
- t - Publication date and copyright
date
- u - Serial status
unknown
008/07-10 contain the beginning date of publication; 008/11-14
contain code u ("uuuu").
- 07-10 - Date 1
The determination of dates for 008/07-10 is made concurrently
with
the choice of code for 008/06 (Type of date/publication
status). The use of fill characters in 008/07-10, although
possible, is discouraged since the data in Date 1 is used for
retrieval and duplicate detection in many systems. When fill is
used in 008/07-10, all four positions must contain the fill
character.
- # - Date element is not
applicable
- u - Date element is totally or partially
unknown
- 11-14 - Date 2
The determination of dates for 008/11-14 is made concurrently
with the choice of code for 008/06 (Type of date/publication
status). When fill is used in 008/11-14, all four positions must
contain the fill character.
- # - Date element is not
applicable
- u - Date element is totally or partially
unknown
- 15-17 - Place of publication, production, or
execution
A two- or three-character MARC code that indicates the place of
publication, production, or execution. The place code is an
authoritative-agency data element. The source of the code is
MARC Code List
for Countries
. Choice of
a MARC code is generally related to information in field 260 (Publication,
Distribution, etc. (Imprint)).
The code recorded in 008/15-17 is
used in conjunction with field 044 (Country of Producer Code) when
more than one code is appropriate to an item.
The first code in
subfield $a of field 044 is recorded in 008/15-17.
Three fill
characters (|||) may be used in place of a valid code, but their
use in 008/15-17 is discouraged. The data in this field 008 data
element is used for retrieval and duplicate detection in many
systems. When fill is used in 008/15-17, all three positions must
contain the fill character. - 35-37 - Language
A three-character MARC code that
indicates the language of the
item. The source of the code is
MARC Code List
for Languages
. Choice
of a MARC code is based on the predominant language of the item. Three fill characters (|||)
may also be used if no attempt is made to code 008/35-37. - 38 - Modified record
A one-character code that indicates whether any data in a
bibliographic record is a modification of information that appeared
on the
item being cataloged or that was intended to be included in the
MARC record. Codes are assigned a priority (recorded in the order of
the following list) that determines which code is input when more than
one code applies to the item.
- d - Dashed-on information
omitted
- o - Completely romanized/printed cards
romanized
- r - Completely romanized/printed cards in
script
- s - Shortened
Some of the data has been omitted because the record would have
exceeded the maximum length allowed by a particular
system.
- x - Missing
characters
Characters that could not be converted into machine-readable
form due to character set limitations are missing from the
record.
- 39 - Cataloging source
A one-character code that indicates the creator of the original cataloging
record. If the cataloging source is known, it is identified
in subfield $a of field 040 (Cataloging Source).
- # - National bibliographic
agency
- c - Cooperative cataloging
program
The creator of the bibliographic data is a participant
(other than a national bibliographic agency) in a cooperative
cataloging program.
- u - Unknown
An organization has transcribed a manual bibliographic record
from an unknown source.
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Character Positions
- 18-21 - Illustrations
Up to four one-character codes (recorded in alphabetical order)
that
indicate the presence of types of illustrations in the item. If
fewer than
four codes are assigned, the codes are left justified and each
unused
position contains a blank (#).
- m - Phonodisc, phonowire, etc.
- 22 - Target audience
A one-character code that indicates the audience for which the
item
is intended.
- # - Unknown or not specified
- c - Elementary and junior high
- d - Secondary (senior high)
- 23 - Form of item
A one-character code that indicates the form of material for the
item.
- # - None of the following
- r - Regular print reproduction
- 24-27 - Nature of contents
Up to four one-character codes (recorded in alphabetical
order)
that
indicate whether a significant part of the item is or contains
certain types
of material. If fewer than four codes are assigned, the codes are
left
justified and each unused position contains a blank (#).
- # - No specified nature of
contents
- a - Abstracts/summaries
The item is or contains abstracts or summaries of other
publications.
- d - Dictionaries
This code is also used for a glossary or a
gazetteer.
- i - Indexes
The item is or contains an index to bibliographical material
other than itself.
- l - Legislation
The item is or contains full or partial texts of enactments of
legislative bodies or texts of rules and regulations issued by
executive or
administrative agencies.
- m - Theses
Indicates that the item is a thesis, dissertation, or work
identified as having been created to satisfy the
requirements for an academic certification or
degree.
- n - Surveys of literature in a subject
area
The item is or contains authored surveys that summarize what
has been published about a subject.
- o - Reviews
The item is or contains critical reviews of published or
performed works.
- v - Legal cases and case notes
- w - Law reports and digests
- z - Treaties
Indicates that the item is a treaty or accord negotiated
between two or more parties to settle a disagreement,
establish a relationship, grant rights,
etc.
- 28 - Government publication
A one-character code that indicates whether the item
is
published or
produced by or for a government agency, and, if so, the
jurisdictional level
of the agency.
- # - Not a government
publication
- a - Autonomous or semi-autonomous
component
- i - International
intergovernmental
- o - Government publication--level
undetermined
- s - State, provincial, territorial, dependent,
etc.
- u - Unknown if item is government
publication
- 29 - Conference publication
A one-character code that indicates whether the item
consists of
the
proceedings, reports, or summaries of a conference.
- 0 - Not a conference
publication
- 1 - Conference
publication
- 30 - Festschrift
A one-character code that indicates whether the item is a
festschrift.
- 31 - Index
A one-character code that indicates whether the item includes an
index to its own contents.
- 32 - Undefined
Contains a blank (#) or fill character (|) - 33 - Literary
form
Indicates the literary form of an item. Numeric codes 0 and
1 provide a generic identification of whether or not the item
is a work of fiction. Alphabetic codes may be used to
identify specific literary forms.
- 0 - Not fiction (not further
specified)
- 1 - Fiction (not further
specified)
- h - Humor, satires, etc.
Indicates that the item is a humorous work, satire, or of
a similar literary form.
- i - Letters
Indicates that the item is a single letter or collection
of correspondence.
- j - Short stories
Indicates that the item is a short story or collection
of short stories.
- m - Mixed forms
Indicates that the items represents a variety of literary
forms (e.g., poetry and short stories).
- 34 - Biography
A one-character code that indicates whether the item contains
biographical material, and, if so, what the biographical
characteristics
are.
- # - No biographical material
- d - Contains biographical
information
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Character Positions
- 18-21 - Undefined
Each contains a blank (#) or fill character (|) - 22 - Target
audience
A one-character code that indicates the audience for which the
item
(primarily educational computer file material) is intended.
- # - Unknown or not specified
- b - Primary
Kindergarten through the third grade.
- c - Elementary and junior high
- d - Secondary (senior high)
- 23-25 - Undefined
Each contains a blank (#) or fill character (|) - 26 - Type of
computer file
A one-character code that indicates the type of computer file
described in the bibliographic record.
- c - Representational
Pictorial or graphic information that can be manipulated in
conjunction with other types of files to produce graphic patterns
that can be
used to interpret and give meaning to the
information.
- i - Interactive multimedia
- j - Online system or service
- 27 - Undefined
Contains a blank (#) or fill character (|) - 28 - Government
publication
A one-character code that indicates whether the computer file is
published or produced by or for a government agency, and, if so,
the
jurisdictional level of the agency.
- # - Not a government
publication
- a - Autonomous or semi-autonomous
component
- i - International
intergovernmental
- o - Government publication--level
undetermined
- s - State, provincial, territorial, dependent,
etc.
- u - Unknown if item is government
publication
- 29-34 - Undefined
Each contains a blank (#) or fill character (|)
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Character Positions
- 18-21 - Relief
Up to four one-character codes that indicate the relief type
specified on the item. Codes are recorded in order of their
importance to
the described item. If fewer than four codes are assigned, the
codes are
left justified and each unused position contains a blank (#).
- c - Gradient and bathymetric
tints
- 22-23 - Projection
A two-character code that indicates the projection used in
producing
the item.
- ## - Projection not specified
- ac - Lambert's azimuthal equal
area
- ae - Azimuthal equidistant
- ag - General vertical
near-sided
- am - Modified stereographic for
Alaska
- an - Chamberlin trimetric
- au - Azimuthal, specific type
unknown
- bb - Goode's homolographic
- bc - Lambert's cylindrical equal
area
- bs - Space oblique Mercator
- bu - Cylindrical, specific type
unknown
- cc - Lambert's conformal conic
- cu - Conic, specific type
unknown
- de - Miller's bipolar oblique conformal
conic
- 24 - Undefined
Each contains a blank (#) or fill character (|) - 25 - Type of
cartographic material
A one-character code that indicates the type of nonbook
cartographic
item described in the bibliographic record.
- b - Map series
A number of related but physically separate and
bibliographically distinct cartographic units intended by the
producer or
issuing body to form a single group.
- c - Map serial
A cartographic publication issued in successive parts bearing
numerical or chronological designations and intended to be
continued
indefinitely.
- f - Separate map supplement to another
work
- g - Map bound as part of another
work
- 26-27 - Undefined
Each contains a blank (#) or fill character (|) - 28 -
Government publication
A one-character code that indicates whether the item is
published or
produced by or for a government agency, and, if so, the
jurisdictional level
of the agency.
- # - Not a government
publication
- a - Autonomous or semi-autonomous
component
- i - International
intergovernmental
- o - Government publication--level
undetermined
- s - State, provincial, territorial, dependent,
etc.
- u - Unknown if item is government
publication
- 29 - Form of item
A one-character code that indicates the form of material for the
item.
- # - None of the following
- r - Regular print reproduction
Eye-readable print.
- 30 - Undefined
Contains a blank (#) or fill character (|) - 31 - Index
A
one-character code that indicates whether the item or
accompanying
material includes a location index or gazetteer.
- 32 - Undefined
Contains a blank (#) or fill character (|) - 33-34 - Special
format characteristics
Up to two one-character codes that indicate the special format
characteristics of the map. Codes are recorded in order of their
importance
to the described item. If only one code is assigned, it is left
justified
and the unused position contains a blank (#).
- # - No specified special format
characteristics
- j - Picture card, post card
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Character Positions
- 18-19 - Form of composition
A two-character code that indicates the form of
composition. The
codes are based on Library of Congress subject headings. If more than one
code is appropriate, the code mu (Multiple forms) is used in
008/18-19 and all appropriate specific codes are given in field 047 (Form of
Composition).
- cb - Chants, Other religions
- cp - Chansons, polyphonic
- df - Dance forms
Separate codes are defined for mazurkas, minuets, pavans,
polonaises, and waltzes.
- dv - Divertimentos, serenades, cassations,
divertissements, notturni
- mc - Musical revues and
comedies
- mp - Motion picture music
- st - Studies and exercises
- 20 - Format of music
A one-character code that indicates the format of a musical
composition.
- b - Full score, miniature or study
size
- c - Accompaniment reduced for
keyboard
- e - Condensed score or piano-conductor
score
- m - Multiple score formats
- 21 - Undefined
Contains a blank (#) or fill character (|) - 22 - Target
audience
Indicates the audience for which the item is intended.
- # - Unknown or not specified
- c - Elementary and junior high
- d - Secondary (senior high)
- 23 - Form of item
A one-character code that indicates the form of material for the
item being described.
- # - None of the following
- r - Regular print reproduction
Eye-readable print.
- 24-29 - Accompanying matter
Up to six one-character codes (recorded in alphabetical order) that indicate
the contents of program notes and other accompanying material for the sound
recording, manuscript notated music, or notated
music. If fewer than six codes are assigned, the codes are left justified
and each unused position contains a blank (#).
- # - No accompanying matter
- e - Biography of composer or
author
- f - Biography of performer or history of
ensemble
- g - Technical and/or historical information on
instruments
- h - Technical information on
music
- i - Historical information
- k - Ethnological information
- r - Instructional materials
- 30-31 - Literary text for sound recordings
Up to two one-character codes (recorded in the order of the following list)
that indicate the type of literary text contained in a
nonmusical sound recording. If only one code is assigned, it is left justified
and the unused position contains a blank (#).
- # - Item is a musical sound
recording
- c - Conference proceedings
- 32-34 - Undefined
Each contains a blank (#) or fill character (|)
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Character Positions
- 18 - Frequency
A one-character code that indicates the frequency of an
item; used in conjunction with 008/19 (Regularity).
- # - No determinable frequency
Frequency is intentionally irregular.
- b - Bimonthly
Includes 6, 7, or 8 numbers a year.
- f - Semiannual
Includes 2 numbers a year.
- m - Monthly
Includes 9, 10, 11, or 12 numbers a year.
- q - Quarterly
Includes 4 numbers a year.
- 19 - Regularity
A one-character code that indicates the intended regularity of an
item; used in conjunction with 008/18 (Frequency).
- n - Normalized irregular
Predictable irregularity pattern.
- x - Completely
irregular
The frequency is known to be intentionally irregular (008/18,
code #) or the frequency is expressed on the item as
numbers
per year.
- 20 - ISSN center
A one-character code that indicates the ISSN center responsible for assigning
and maintaining certain data related to an item.
- # - No ISSN center code
assigned
Used by U.S. organizations other than CONSER participants and
the National Serials Data Program (NSDP).
- 0 - International Center
The ISSN center is in Paris, France.
- 1 - United States
The United States National Serials Data Program.
- 4 - Canada
The ISSN Canada.
- 21 - Type of continuing resource
A one-character code that indicates the type of continuing
resource.
- # - None of the following
This code is also used for yearbooks and annual
reports.
- 22 - Form of original item
A one-character code that indicates the form of material in which an
item was originally published.
- # - None of the following
- 23 - Form of item
A one-character code that indicates the form of material for the item
being described.
- # - None of the following
- r - Regular print reproduction
Eye-readable print.
- 24 - Nature of entire work
A one-character code that indicates the nature of an
item if it consists entirely of a certain type of material. If more
than one code is applicable, 008/24 contains a blank
(#) and up to three codes may be recorded in 008/25-27 (Nature of contents).
- # - No specified nature of entire
work
- a - Abstracts/summaries
The item consists of abstracts or summaries of
other publications.
- d - Dictionaries
This code is also used for a glossary or a
gazetteer.
- i - Indexes
The item consists of an index to bibliographical material other
than itself.
- l - Legislation
The item consists of full or partial texts of enactments of
legislative bodies or texts of rules and regulations issued by
executive or
administrative agencies.
- m - Theses
Indicates that the item is a thesis, dissertation, or work
identified as having been created to satisfy the
requirements for an academic certification or
degree.
- n - Surveys of literature in a subject
area
The item is or contains authored surveys that summarize what
has been published about a subject.
- o - Reviews
The item consists of critical reviews of published or performed
works.
- v - Legal cases and case notes
- w - Law reports and digests
- z - Treaties
Indicates that the item is a treaty or accord negotiated
between two or more parties to settle a disagreement,
establish a relationship, grant rights,
etc.
- 25-27 - Nature of contents
Up to three one-character codes (recorded in alphabetical order) that indicate
that a work contains certain types of materials.
If fewer than three codes are assigned, the codes are left justified and each
unused position contains a blank (#).
- # - No specified nature of
contents
- a - Abstracts/summaries
The item consists of abstracts or summaries of
other publications.
- d - Dictionaries
This code is also used for a glossary or a gazetteer.
- i - Indexes
The item consists of an index to bibliographical material other than
itself.
- l - Legislation
The item consists of full or partial texts of enactments of legislative
bodies or texts of rules
and regulations issued by executive or administrative agencies.
- m - Theses
Indicates that the item is a thesis, dissertation, or work
identified as having been created to satisfy the
requirements for an academic certification or
degree.
- n - Surveys of literature in a subject
area
The item is or contains authored surveys that summarize what has been published
about
a subject
- o - Reviews
The item consists of critical reviews of published or performed
works.
- v - Legal cases and case notes
- w - Law reports and digests
- z - Treaties
Indicates that the item is a treaty or accord negotiated
between two or more parties to settle a disagreement,
establish a relationship, grant rights,
etc.
- 28 - Government publication
A one-character code that indicates whether an item
is published or produced by or for a government agency, and, if so, the jurisdictional
level of the agency.
- # - Not a government
publication
- a - Autonomous or semi-autonomous
component
- i - International
intergovernmental
- o - Government publication--level
undetermined
- s - State, provincial, territorial, dependent,
etc.
- u - Unknown if item is government
publication
- 29 - Conference publication
A one-character code that indicates whether an item
consists of the proceedings, reports, or summaries of a conference.
- 0 - Not a conference
publication
- 1 - Conference
publication
- 30-32 - Undefined
Each contains a blank (#) or fill character (|) - 33 - Original
alphabet or script of title
A one-character code that indicates the original alphabet or
script
of the language of the title on the source item upon which the key
title
(field 222) is based.
- # - No alphabet or script given/no key
title
This code may relate to the title proper in field 245 when no
key title is present.
- a - Basic roman
Includes no diacritics or special characters.
- b - Extended roman
Includes diacritics and special characters.
- z - Other
Includes instances of a title that incorporates words from more
than one alphabet or script.
- 34 - Entry convention
A one-character code that indicates whether an item
was cataloged according to successive entry, latest
entry or integrated entry cataloging conventions.
- 0 - Successive entry
A new bibliographic record is created each time a title changes
or a corporate body used as a main entry or uniform title qualifier
changes.
The earlier or later title or author/title is recorded in a linking
780/785
field in each record.
- 1 - Latest entry
The item is cataloged under its most recent title or issuing
body (pre-AACR cataloging rules). All former titles and/or issuing
bodies
are given in notes (fields 247, 547, and
550).
- 2 - Integrated entry
A record is cataloged under its latest (most recent) title or issuing
body. It is used for integrating resources and electronic serials that
do not retain their earlier titles.
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Character Positions
- 18-20 - Running time for motion pictures and
videorecordings
A three-digit number that indicates the total running time of
the
motion picture or videorecording. The number is right justified
and each
unused position contains a zero.
- 000 - Running time exceeds three
characters
- --- - Running time unknown
- 21 - Undefined
Contains a blank (#) or fill character (|) - 22 - Target
audience
A one-character code that indicates the audience for which the
item
(primarily educational audiovisual material) is intended.
- # - Unknown or not specified
- b - Primary
Kindergarten through the third grade.
- c - Elementary and junior high
- d - Secondary (senior high)
- 23-27 - Undefined
Each contains a blank (#) or fill character (|) - 28 -
Government publication
A one-character code that indicates whether the item is
published or
produced by or for a government agency, and, if so, the
jurisdictional level
of the agency.
- # - Not a government
publication
- a - Autonomous or semi-autonomous
component
- i - International
intergovernmental
- o - Government publication--level
undetermined
- s - State, provincial, territorial, dependent,
etc.
- u - Unknown if item is government
publication
- 29 - Form of item
A one-character code that indicates the form of material for the
item.
- # - None of the following
- r - Regular print reproduction
Eye-readable print.
- 30-32 - Undefined
Each contains a blank (#) or fill character (|) - 33 - Type of
visual material
A one-character code that indicates the type of visual material
item.
- b - Kit
An item that contains a mixture of components from two or more
categories, no one of which is the predominant constituent of the
item.
- 34 - Technique
A one-character code that indicates the technique used in
creating
motion in the motion picture or videorecording.
- c - Animation and live action
- n - Not applicable
Item is not a motion picture or a
videorecording.
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Character Positions
- 18-22 - Undefined
Each contains a blank (#) or fill character (|) - 23 - Form of
item
A one-character code that indicates the form of material for the
item.
- # - None of the following
- r - Regular print reproduction
Eye-readable print.
- 24-34 - Undefined
Each contains a blank (#) or fill character (|)
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