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DATE: December 20, 2012
REVISED:
NAME: Defining New Field 386 for Creator/Contributor Group Categorizations in the MARC 21 Bibliographic and Authority Formats
SOURCE: ALCTS Subject Analysis Committee Subcommittee on Genre/Form Implementation
SUMMARY: This paper proposes the establishment of a new 386 field in both the Bibliographic and Authority formats to record group categories of creators and contributors of works, expressions, and persons. Providing a place to record these attributes of creators and contributors is particularly important for the full implementation of the Library of Congress Genre/Form Terms for Library and Archival Materials (LCGFT).
KEYWORDS: Field 386 (BD, AD); Creator Categorizations (BD, AD); Contributor Categorizations (BD, AD); Group Categories of Persons (BD, AD); Genre/Form; Library of Congress Genre/Form Terms for Library and Archival Materials; LCGFT
RELATED: 2012-DP05
STATUS/COMMENTS:
12/20/12 - Made available to the MARC community for discussion.
01/27/13 – Results of MARC Advisory Committee discussion: Approved with the following amendments: 1) Rename subfield $m "Demographic group designator term"; 2) Add subfield $n "Demographic group designator code "; 3) Drop $u from the list of subfields; 4) In the Authority format Field Definition and Scope for field 386, remove the following paragraph: "In personal name authority records, a group category to which the individual described by the record belongs that is considered useful for resource discovery purposes."; 5) Eliminate any examples of personal names at this point for inclusion in to the MARC documentation. Maintenance agency for the list of demographic group designator terms and codes for $m and $n to be determined at a later date.
03/06/13 - Results of LC/LAC/BL review - Agreed with the MARBI decision. LC's Policy and Standards Division has agreed to take on the maintenance of the demographic group designators that are required by the proposal.
MARC Discussion Paper No. 2012-DP05 described the implementation of Library of Congress Genre/Form Terms for Library and Archival Materials (LCGFT) and the implications of current projects to establish LCGFT terms for music and literature. Some aspects of works and expressions that are currently expressed in combination with form headings in LCSH will be out of scope for LCGFT, and will need to be recorded elsewhere in bibliographic and authority records.
One of these aspects is the category of persons who created a work or contributed to an expression. In literature and music, LCSH headings that include creator or contributor categorizations may be used for collections, anthologies, and other aggregate works.
Within LCSH, categorization of the creators of works or contributors to expressions is brought out in a variety of ways:
Combining the creator/contributor category with genre or form in phrase headings:
African American children’s writings
Children’s diaries
Films by children
Hispanic American fiction (Spanish) [fiction in Spanish by Hispanic Americans]
Mexican poetry
Music by women composers
One-act plays, Canadian
Political prisoners’ writings
Satire, Swiss (German) [satire in German by Swiss authors]Sometimes the category of creator is implied in the heading:
College prose [prose literature by college students]
School verse [poetry by schoolchildren]In LCSH, headings that include a nationality, such as Mexican poetry or One-act plays, Canadian, the nationality refers to the creators of the works in the collection. That is, Mexican poetry is assigned to an anthology of poetry written by Mexicans. One-act plays, Canadian refers to one-act plays created by Canadians.
Using geographic subdivision to represent the nationality, regional origin, or residence of the creators:
American literature $z Southern States
Love-letters $z Missouri
Political poetry, Arabic $z Egypt
Tales $z Africa, Sub-SaharanUsing free-floating topical subdivisions for the creators:
Autobiography $x Jewish authors
Essays $x Catholic authors
Motion picture plays $x Women authors
Poetry $x Arab authorsTopical subdivisions representing creators may also be combined with main form headings that include language and/or nationality/regional origin aspects:
American prose literature $x African American authors
Canadian fiction $x Chinese authors
Serbian poetry $x Muslim authors
Unlike in LCSH, creator/contributor group categorizations are out of scope for inclusion in LCGFT. LC’s policy with LCGFT, although there are currently some exceptions (e.g., Children's audiobooks; Christian television programs), is to establish terms that represent only genre or form and not other aspects that may be included within LCSH form headings such as audience, chronology, language, and ethnic, racial, geographic, or national origin. Topical, chronological, or geographic subdivision of LCGFT terms is not authorized. Creator/contributor group categorizations of a work or expression will have to be recorded elsewhere in bibliographic or authority records when LCGFT is fully implemented. LCSH form headings that include creator/contributor aspects will remain valid, but they will be assigned only to resources about those genres and forms created by the particular group category. For example, once LCGFT is fully implemented, the LCSH string Canadian fiction $x Chinese authors encoded in MARC field 650 will only be used for works about fiction written by Chinese Canadians.
Members of the SAC Subcommittee on Genre/Form Implementation have determined that recording the category of creators for a work or contributors to an expression will continue to be necessary after LCGFT is fully implemented, particularly for collections, anthologies, and other aggregated works. The MARC 21 Bibliographic and Authority formats do not currently provide a suitable place to record this aspect in a way that will facilitate resource discovery. What is needed is a facet for categorization of creator/contributor that can be linked with other aspects such as genre/form and which can be controlled by authority records representing the specific categories.
Members of the subcommittee favor using plural nouns for the category of creator or contributor. The use of plural nouns would follow ANSI/NISO standard Z39.19-2005, which states in section 6.5 that nouns used as terms are divided into two categories: count nouns and noncount (mass) nouns. Count nouns are names of objects or concepts that are subject to the question “How many?” but not “How much?”, and these should normally be expressed as plurals (Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Controlled Vocabularies. Bethesda, Maryland: NISO Press, 2005).
The terms should come either from an existing controlled vocabulary, or from a new vocabulary that is created specifically for this purpose. Examples from LCSH and several other controlled vocabularies have been used in this proposal.
2.1. MARC Discussion Paper No. 2012-DP05 discussed a number of ways in which creator/contributor characteristics might be recorded in MARC 21 and suggested that a new 3XX field is needed in both the Bibliographic and Authority formats. The field would be used in bibliographic records primarily for anthologies, compilations, etc. of works and expressions by various creators/contributors. In the Authority format, the field could also be used for work and expression records for anthologies, compilations, etc. by various creators/contributors and for works/expressions whose authorized access point consists of a title only.
Discussion Paper No. 2012-DP05 also noted that users may search by group categories in order to find individual works of literature, music, etc. by creators or contributors who fall into that group category. Examples of such searches would include looking for: scores or sound recordings of symphonies by French composers; novels by African American women authors; slave narratives; Holocaust survivor memoirs; music performed (or composed) by children. It would be helpful if we could also help them find such resources in our library collections. The subcommittee feels that creator/contributor characteristics for individual persons would best be recorded only once, in the individual person’s authority record, rather than in each bibliographic record representing a manifestation of one of the person’s works. Ideally, systems would be able to search characteristics recorded in authority records in conjunction with searches run against data in bibliographic records. A search for works by African Americans would retrieve anthologies/collections if that term has been included and indexed in the creator/contributor characteristics field in bibliographic records. Ideally, the same search should also retrieve works by individual African Americans if the term is recorded in name authority records as an attribute of those individuals.
Attributes that pertain only to a person’s works during a certain portion of their lifespan (e.g., works created during a person’s childhood), should probably be recorded in the authority records for those particular works, rather than in the person’s name authority record. For example, it would make little sense to add the group category Children or Child composers to Mozart’s name authority record rather than to the authority records for those works composed during his childhood. Adding the category to his name authority would not serve as a useful way to distinguish works composed when he was a child from his later works.
Best practices would need to be developed for the use of the field in records for individual persons. LC Policy and Standards Division has cautioned that identifying a person with a particular group may be fraught with difficulties, including judgments that catalogers should not make. They have also raised potential issues of privacy as another important factor. They noted that “the idea of compilations of works by people who share a particular characteristic that we turn into a heading for a class of persons is well established. But it needs to be separately examined whether it is appropriate to characterize individuals in those groups by that heading irrespective of whether a library resource specific to that person (i.e., not a compilation of works by several creators) does so.” Nevertheless, there are surely many cases in which adding information like this is not subjective, such as when a person clearly self-identifies himself as a member of a particular group.
The discussion paper recognized that a new 3XX field would have some overlap with several 3XX fields that were established for RDA entity attributes: 370 (Associated country), 372 (Field of Activity), 373 (Associated Group), 374 (Occupation), 375 (Gender), and 377 (Associated Language). These fields were created to serve other purposes than specifying types of group membership, and when nouns for groups are recorded (in fields 374 and 375), they are generally given in singular form (e.g., Actor; Physician; female; transsexual). Associated country is recorded as the established name of a country, or in an abbreviated form if that country is included in RDA Appendix B.11 (e.g., N.Z.; U.S.; U.S.S.R.). Field of activity is recorded in noun form, but not in the form of a group category (e.g., Architecture; Biology; Figure skating; Law). Associated group in RDA is generally recorded in the form of the preferred name for a corporate body with which the person is or was affiliated. Associated language is recorded using the MARC code for a language, and/or in the form of the name of the language.
There are two purposes for the attribute data recorded in the authority 3XX fields. One is to provide potential qualifiers for inclusion in the authorized access point. To best serve that purpose, the terms are expressed in the singular, and the use of an unusual or uncommon term (if justified) is more useful in that it makes the authorized access point more immune to further conflicts. For example:
100 1# $a Smith, John
374 ## $a Pediatric oncologist
670 ## $a Treating cancer in children, date: $b title page (John Smith, pediatric oncologist)
The other purpose of these attributes is to support faceted access to the entities described. To best serve this second purpose, the terms are better expressed in the plural, indicating a category of persons (for example), and better if drawn from a controlled vocabulary. For this latter purpose, the terms are more valuable if they are shared by other entities, thus allowing the entitites to be collocated under facet categories by a shared term. Extending the earlier example:
386 ## $a Pediatricians $a Oncologists $2 lcsh
As before in MARC 21, the real problem is that one data element is rarely able to serve two distinct purposes well. The forms needed to serve differing purposes tend to be different themselves. The work done to find homes in MARC for the RDA elements was focused mainly on fulfilling the first purpose: providing qualifier strings. There is still work to be done to incorporate categorical terms in MARC, work not fully envisioned in RDA, but obvious when the potential for faceted access to name authorities is fully considered.
The authority 375 field is actually an exception here. It has a very small number of authorized values (male, female, other), so small that the terms for categories of persons expressing gender tend to be more varied and specific than those used in the 375 field--for example, Men, Women, Boys, Girls, Teenage boys--not more general as is more commonly the case. The terms that would not likely be used in a 386 would be the most general ones--Males and Females. So, in this case, the most general level of categorization for gender faceting will likely be in the 375 and not the 386. The gender terms used in RDA may be the ones least likely to be sought by users: LCSH generally refers to females as women, although there are a few exceptions (e.g., Female assassins; Female high school athletes). Younger females are called girls in LCSH, and there are such headings as Girl photographers, Girl volunteers, Junior high school girls, and Quaker girls. Clearly, while there is some overlap between the very general values that would be recorded in field 375 with the most general values from LCSH that could be recorded in field 386 (Women; Men), the suggested new field would permit much more specificity than can be accommodated in field 375.
Having a single field to record all kinds of creator/contributor group categories intended for limiting searches and faceting is thus likely to be easier for systems to implement than having to pull data, often not recorded in the most useful form, from other existing 3XX fields.
The MARC Advisory Committee (MAC) agreed that it will continue to be necessary to record in bibliographic records group categories for creators/contributors of compilations who share a particular characteristic. MAC also agreed that creator/contributor group categorizations can be considered attributes of works and expressions and that these attributes could be recorded in work and expression authority records for compilations. However, for works and expressions which are named using an authorized access point for a person combined with a title, MAC felt that it would probably be best to include group categorization information in the person’s name authority record rather than each record for that person’s individual works. The Committee agreed that individual persons have attributes for categories of groups to which they belong such as gender, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, occupation, etc. and that these categories are potentially of value for resource discovery and would best be recorded in personal name authority records.
MAC preferred the 3XX block for recording this attribute, and preferred a single 3XX field that could be used in both the Bibliographic and Authority formats. MAC also recommended including a subfield for coded values, and it expressed a desire to allow the recording of a URI in lieu of or in addition to a term or coded value, in order to support linked library data and the Semantic Web. Subfield $u could be used for this, and has already been defined in some 3XX fields in both the Authority and Bibliographic formats.
Based on the MAC discussion, there was support for indicating in some way the type of group being recorded in the 3XX. For example, teenagers are a type of age group, Italians a type of nationality, and Italian Americans a type of cultural or ethnic group. Recording the type of group in addition to a more specific term was felt to be particularly important for nationality and cultural groups. It was pointed out that associated country (an RDA attribute of persons, recorded in MARC 370 $c) is not always synonymous with nationality and that nationality cannot necessarily be inferred from associated country. It is also important to distinguish between nationality and a particular cultural group that a person may be associated or identify with. The same holds true for anonymous works and compilations of works by various persons associated with a particular kind of group.
The SAC Subcommittee on Genre/Form Implementation had earlier identified the following possible categories of demographic groups:
2.2. To accommodate the MAC’s desire to be able to record the type of group as well as the specific categorization, the following subfield could be added to the proposed new 386 field:
$m - Demographic group designator (NR)
A designator for a demographic group category (e.g., an age group; a religious group) into which a particular term ($a) or code ($b) for creator/contributor group category falls. This may be an uncontrolled textual phrase or a controlled value from a list of designators for types of demographic groups.
If $m is not recorded, then the type of demographic group is considered to be unspecified.
Consideration was also given to proposing a subfield (perhaps $4) that would contain a coded value intended to represent the demographic group. Since coded values would be independent of language, OPACs could display whatever label was appropriate for the user group. As a practical matter, though, controlled values from a list of designators can consist of either codes or phrases, so the two options serve the same purpose for OPAC labels. Controlled phrases also have a benefit that codes do not: they can be more readily searched by keyword, thereby providing another level of access.
3.1. Define the following new field in the Bibliographic and Authority formats. The field definition and scope will need to be slightly different in the two formats.
386 - Creator/Contributor Group Categorization
Field Definition and Scope [Bibliographic Format]
A group category to which the creator(s) of a work or compilation of works, or the contributor(s) to an expression or compilation of expressions, belongs. Terms are generally recorded in the form of a plural noun (e.g., African Americans; Breast cancer patients; French; High school students; Lesbians; New Englanders; Unemployed).If the demographic group designator ($m) is not used, multiple creator/contributor group categories from the same source vocabulary may be recorded in the same field in separate occurrences of subfield $a (Creator/contributor group category term) or $b (Creator/contributor group category code). Terms and codes from different source vocabularies may be recorded in separate occurrences of the field.
If the demographic group designator ($m) is used, multiple creator/contributor group categories representing the same demographic group, assigned from the same source vocabulary, may be recorded in the same field in separate occurrences of subfield $a (Creator/contributor group category term) or $b (Creator/contributor group category code). Terms and codes from different source vocabularies, and/or representing different demographic groups, may be recorded in separate occurrences of the field.
Field Definition and Scope [Authority Format]
In work and expression authority records, a group category to which the creator(s) of a work or compilation of works, or the contributor(s) to an expression or compilation of expressions, belongs.In personal name authority records, a group category to which the individual described by the record belongs that is considered useful for resource discovery purposes.
Terms are generally recorded in the form of a plural noun (e.g., African Americans; Breast cancer patients; French; High school students; Lesbians; New Englanders; Unemployed).
If the demographic group designator ($m) is not used, multiple creator/contributor group categories from the same source vocabulary may be recorded in the same field in separate occurrences of subfield $a (Creator/contributor group category term) or $b (Creator/contributor group category code). Terms and codes from different source vocabularies may be recorded in separate occurrences of the field.
If the demographic group designator ($m) is used, multiple multiple creator/contributor group categories representing the same demographic group, assigned from the same source vocabulary, may be recorded in the same field in separate occurrences of subfield $a (Creator/contributor group category term) or $b (Creator/contributor group category code). Terms and codes from different source vocabularies, and/or representing different demographic groups, may be recorded in separate occurrences of the field.
First Indicator - Undefined
# - UndefinedSecond Indicator - Undefined
# - UndefinedSubfield Codes
$a - Creator/contributor group category term (R)
$b - Creator/contributor group category code (R)
$u - Uniform Resource Identifier (R)
$m - Demographic group designator (NR)
$0 - Record control number (R)
$2 - Source of term (NR)
$3 - Materials specified (NR)
$6 - Linkage (NR)
$8 - Field link and sequence number (R)
3.2. Suggested list of demographic group designators for use in subfield $m:
Age group
Disability group
Educational level group
Ethnic/cultural group
Gender group
Language group
Nationality/regional group -
Occupational/field of activity group
Religious group
Sexual orientation group
Social group
Other group
N.B. In these examples, LCSH literature, music, and general form headings are used provisionally in fields 655 and 380 in the absence of comparable LCGFT terms, which are still under development.
4.1. Examples in Bibliographic Format
Title: Forbidden voices : songs by Jewish composers banned by the Nazis
386 ## $a Jews $2 lcsh
655 #0 $a Songs.
655 #0 $a Entartete Musik.
Title: Swallowing clouds : an anthology of Chinese-Canadian poetry
386 ## $a Chinese Canadians $2 cash
655 #0 $a Poetry.
Title: Between the lines : an anthology by Pacific/Asian lesbians of Santa Cruz, California
386 ## $a Asian Americans $a Pacific Islander Americans $a Lesbians $2 lcsh
655 #0 $a Literature.
655 #0 $a Anthologies.or if using designators for demographic group categories:
386 ## $m Ethnic/cultural group $a Asian Americans $a Pacific Islander Americans $2 lcsh
386 ## $m Sexual orientation group $a Lesbians $2 lcsh
655 #0 $a Literature.
655 #0 $a Anthologies.
Title: The tactile mind : literary magazine of the signing community
386 ## $m Disability group $a Deaf $a Hearing impaired $2 lcsh
386 ## $m Disability group $a Hearing Impaired Persons $2 mesh
655 #0 $a Literature.
655 #0 $a Periodicals.
Title: Third sonata : for piano and violin, K.8 / Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [score of a work composed by Mozart in 1763 at the age of 7]
100 1# $a Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, $d 1756-1791.
240 10 $a Sonatas, $m violin, piano, $n K. 8, $r B♭ major
386 ## $a Child composers $2 lcsh
655 #0 $a Sonatas.
Title: Violin sonatas KV 6-9 / Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [an audio recording of four works composed by Mozart from 1762-1764, at the ages of 6-8]
100 1# $a Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, $d 1756-1791.
240 10 $a Sonatas, $m violin, piano. $k Selections
382 01 $a violin $a piano
386 ## $a Child composers $2 lcsh
655 #0 $a Sonatas.
700 12 $a Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, $d 1756-1791. $t Sonatas, $m piano, $n K. 6, $r C major.
700 12 $a Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, $d 1756-1791. $t Sonatas, $m piano, $n K. 7, $r D major.
700 12 $a Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, $d 1756-1791. $t Sonatas, $m violin, piano, $n K. 8, $r B♭ major.
700 12 $a Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, $d 1756-1791. $t Sonatas, $m violin, piano, $n K. 9, $r G major.
4.2. Examples in Authority Format - Works/Expressions
Compiled work: Swallowing clouds : an anthology of Chinese-Canadian poetry
130 #0 $a Swallowing clouds
370 ## $g Canada
380 ## $a Poetry $2 lcsh
386 ## $a Chinese Canadians $2 cash
Compiled work: Between the lines : an anthology by Pacific/Asian lesbians of Santa Cruz, California
130 #0 $a Between the lines (Literary anthology)
370 ## $g Santa Cruz, Calif.
380 ## $a Literary anthology
386 ## $a Asian Americans $a Pacific Islander Americans $a Lesbians $a Americans $2 lcshor if using designator terms for demographic group categories:
130 #0 $a Between the lines (Literary anthology)
370 ## $g Santa Cruz, Calif.
380 ## $a Literary anthology
386 ## $m Ethnic/cultural group $a Asian Americans $a Pacific Islander Americans $2 lcsh
386 ## $m Sexual orientation group $a Lesbians $2 lcsh
386 ## $m Nationality/regional group $a Americans $2 lcsh
Compiled work: Poems from Guantánamo : the detainees speak [22 poems by Muslim prisoners at Guantánamo Bay Detention Camp translated into English from Arabic or Pushto]
130 #0 $a Poems from Guantánamo
370 ## $g Guantánamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba
380 ## $a Poetry $2 lcsh
386 ## $a Muslim prisoners $a Prisoners of war $2 lcsh
Compiled work: Antologia polskiej animacji [videorecording] = Anthology of Polish animated films
130 #0 $a Antologia polskiej animacji
430 #0 $a Anthology of Polish animated films
370 ## $g Poland
380 ## $a Animated films $a Short films $2 lcgft
386 ## $m Nationality/regional group $a Polish people $2 lcsh
Expression: Songs for all year long / words and music by Gil Slote [1956 recording sung by children from New York Public School 24; the score was published in 1955]
100 1# $a Slote, Gil. $t Songs for all year long. $s Performed music (1956)
386 ## $m Educational level group $a Elementary School Students $2 ericd
386 ## $m Age group $a Children $2 lcsh
Work named with the authorized access point for a creator combined with the preferred title for the work: Third sonata : for piano and violin, K.8 / Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [work composed by Mozart in 1763 at the age of 7]
100 1# $a Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, $d 1756-1791.$t Sonatas, $m violin, piano, $n K.8, $r B♭ major
380 ## $a Sonatas $2 lcsh
382 0# $a violin $a piano
386 ## $a Child composers $2 lcsh
Compilation named with the authorized access point for a creator combined with the preferred title for the compilation: Violin sonatas KV 6-9 / Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [works composed by Mozart from 1762-1764, at the ages of 6-8]
100 1# $a Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, $d 1756-1791. $t Sonatas, $m violin, piano. $k Selections
380 ## $a Sonatas
382 0# $a violin $a piano
386 ## $a Child composers $2 lcsh
4.3. Examples in Authority Format - Personal Names
100 1# $a Bocelli, Andrea
386 ## $a Italians $a Men $a Blind $a Tenors (Singers) $2 lcsh100 1# $a Kwan, Michelle, $d 1980-
386 ## $a Figure skaters $a Women $a Chinese Americans $a Olympic athletes $2 lcsh100 1# $a Jones, T. Duckett, $d 1899-1954
386 ## $a Faculty, Medical $2 mesh
386 ## $a Medical teaching personnel $2 lcsh100 1# $a Gogh, Vincent van, $d 1820-1888
386 ## $a Painters $a Printmakers $a Artists $a Men $a Dutch $2 lcsh
386 ## $a painters (artists) $a printmakers $a draftsmen (artists) $a men (male humans) $a Dutch $2 aat100 1# $a Ryan, Kay
370 ## $a San Jose, Calif. $c U.S.
374 ## $a Poet $a Community college teacher
375 ## $a female
386 ## $a Poets $a Poets laureate $a Lesbians $a Women $a Americans $2 lcshor if using designator terms for demographic group categories:
100 1# $a Ryan, Kay
370 ## $a San Jose, Calif. $c U.S.
374 ## $a Poet $a Community college teacher
375 ## $a female
386 ## $m Occupational/field of activity group $a Poets $2 lcsh
386 ## $m Other group $a Poets laureate $2 lcsh
386 ## $m Sexual orientation group $a Lesbians $2 lcsh
386 ## $m Gender group $a Women $2 lcsh
386 ## $m Nationality/regional group $a Americans $2 lcsh[Note that field 386 includes controlled plural noun terms indicating group membership (“Poets”, “Women”), while RDA entity attributes are recorded in singular form for different purposes in fields 374 (“Poet”) and 375 (“female)”]
In the MARC 21 Bibliographic and Authority formats, define new field 386 (Creator/Contributor Group Categorization) as described above. The field defintion and scope will need to be slightly different in the two formats as described above.
386 Creator/Contributor Group Categorization
First and Secnd Indicator - Undefined
# - Undefined
Subfield Codes
$a - Creator/contributor group category term (R)
$b - Creator/contributor group category code (R)
$u - Uniform Resource Identifier (R)
$m - Demographic group designator (NR)
$0 - Record control number (R)
$2 - Source of term (NR)
$3 - Materials specified (NR)
$6 - Linkage (NR)
$8 - Field link and sequence number (R)
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