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DATE: December 20, 2012
REVISED:
NAME: Defining Encoding Elements to Record Chronological Categories and Dates of Works and Expressions in the MARC 21 Bibliographic and Authority Formats
SOURCE: ALCTS Subject Analysis Committee Subcommittee on Genre/Form Implementation
SUMMARY: This paper proposes the establishment of a new encoding in fields 046 and 648 in the Bibliographic format and 046 in the Authority format to record chronological categories and dates for works and expressions previously expressed in relation to genre/form.
KEYWORDS: Field 045 (BD); Field 046 (BD, AD); Field 648 (BD); Chronological categories (BD, AD); Genre/Form; Library of Congress Genre/Form Terms for Library and Archival Materials; LCGFT
RELATED: 2012-DP03
STATUS/COMMENTS:
12/20/12 - Made available to the MARC community for discussion.
01/27/13 – Results of MARC Advisory Committee discussion: Approved as submitted.
03/06/13 - Results of LC/LAC/BL review - Agreed with the MARBI decision.
MARC Discussion Paper No. 2012-DP03 described the implementation of Library of Congress Genre/Form Terms for Library and Archival Materials (LCGFT) and the implications of current projects to establish LCGFT terms for music and literature. Some aspects of works and expressions that are currently expressed in combination with form headings in LCSH will be out of scope for LCGFT, and will need to be recorded elsewhere in bibliographic and authority records.
One of these characteristics is the chronological origin aspect of a work, especially for describing collections/aggregated works. In RDA 7.0, Describing Content, the elements of content description are defined to “include those that users typically rely on when selecting a resource to meet their requirements relating to content–nature of the content, intended audience, language, etc.” The chronological origin aspect of a work’s content is one such element, especially when that aspect is identified as a criterion for inclusion in an aggregate. No mapping is provided in RDA Appendix D.2.1, Mapping of MARC 21 Bibliographic to RDA, for recording the chronological origin aspect of an aggregate work’s contents in a field intended to express chronological information in a standardized form. Such a field would make this data more available for searching and faceted indexing.
The IFLA FRBR Review Group’s Working Group on Aggregates has proposed in its final report that manifestations combining two or more expressions are the optimal focus for description and access related specifically to aggregate entities while acknowledging that work and expression level descriptions of aggregates may also be appropriate in some cases. The options discussed below are phrased in terms of describing aggregate works, but note that the FRBR level at which aggregated contents should be described collectively is not a fully settled question for FRBR or for RDA.
Returning to the concern which originally prompted this discussion, currently the chronological origin aspect of various kinds of works is included in subdivisions or phrase headings in LCSH (cf. e.g. Subject Headings Manual, H 1775 Literature: General) which are defined for genre/form use, for example:
Operas $y 18th century [operas created in the 18th century]
English drama $y 19th century [English drama created in the 19th century]
Literature, Medieval [European literature created during the Middle Ages]
Rock music $y 1961-1970 [rock music popular during the seventh decade of the 20th century, or if that is not known, recorded during that decade]
Christian literature, Early [literature written by Christians before the 8th century AD]
German poetry $y Early modern, 1500-1700 [German poetry created during the 16th and 17th centuries]
Given that LCGFT does not use subdivisions or phrases to express non-genre/form aspects of a genre/form term, it is unclear how the chronological aspect of these access points should be preserved. It could be argued that chronology, like others of the aspects under review, is not actually subject information; but since it has been included in some cases in subject coded fields used to express genre/form, one immediate practical concern is to find a way of preserving that data when implementing more strictly-defined genre/form terms.
More generally, specific coding to express the time of origin of the contents of aggregate works is currently lacking in MARC 21. For example, a MARC 21 record describing the anthology Science Fiction of the Thirties, published in 1975, can express the anthology’s date of publication in 008/07-10, and might express a range of dates in field 045 representing the period depicted, but there is no clear place to encode the fact that the contents of the volume were collectively created in the 1930s. While the earlier discussion paper began from a concern to find alternate representation for chronological data now found in some genre/form-related subject headings, its scope has expanded here to cover the representation of dates of origin or original publication generally for the contents of works.
MARC Discussion Paper No. 2012-DP03 discussed three fields in the MARC 21 Bibliographic Format where this data might be recorded: field 045, Time Period of Content (NR); field 648, Subject Added Entry - Chronological Term (R); and field 046, Special Coded Dates. In the MARC 21 Authority Format field 046, Special Coded Dates, could also be used to represent the original dates of aggregated contents.
At Midwinter, MAC supported the need for MARC coding to express the date of origin of contents. Use of field 045, Time Period of Content, was seen as problematic. Currently the field is defined in such a way that only certain formats—notated music and music sound recordings (for the date of a composition), and naturally occurring objects—use 045 to reflect date of origin. For all other formats, field 045 reflects the date or period depicted or covered in a work rather than the date of origin. Also, 045 expresses dates in an encoded alphanumeric form that has seen relatively limited use. Therefore, no changes are proposed to field 045. Use of this field for the original date of a musical composition or natural object versus any of the alternatives proposed here will be left to best practice guidelines of the cataloging communities working with those resources.
Field 046, Special Coded Dates, is defined in both the Bibliographic and Authority formats, which has advantages for representing data about works and expressions which might be needed in either format. In the Bibliographic format, the type of date is indicated in some cases by a code in subfield $a, Type of Date Code, and in some cases by a separately defined pair of subfields, while in the Authority format all date types are represented by separately defined subfields. In the discussion paper, the addition of a new Type of Date Code was considered for the Bibliographic format; but here new subfield codes are proposed for both formats instead. Adopting the latter coding pattern for both the Bibliographic and Authority formats will help preserve the parallel use of the field.
The proposal would add two subfields to field 046:
$o - Single or starting date for aggregated contents
Single or starting date of origin or original publication of the contents of a published collection/aggregation [NEW]
$p - Ending date for aggregated contents
Ending date of origin or original publication of the contents of a collection/aggregation [NEW]
Codes analogous to proposed subfields $o and $p would not be used in field 008/06 because the existing 008/06 codes representing publication dates of the aggregated work itself would take precedence. Use of the new codes in field 046 would enable the original creation or publication or release, etc. dates of an aggregate work’s contents to be expressed clearly in combination with the publication and other date information relating to the aggregate work itself.
Works including aggregate works may be represented by authority records; hence the authority format also needs coding to represent the date of origin of the contents of an aggregate work, especially when the date or period of origin is significant for the purpose of the aggregation. The date of origin for the aggregation itself as a work can already be represented in field 046, subfields $k, Beginning or single date created, and $l, Ending date created. This proposal would add two additional subfields to field 046 for authorities modeled on the subfields proposed for the Bibliographic format:
$o - Single or starting date for aggregated contents
Single or starting date of origin or original publication of the contents of an aggregate work or expression [NEW]
$p - Ending date for aggregated contents
Ending date of origin or original publication of the contents of an aggregate work or expression [NEW]
Use of the proposed subfields in field 046 in both formats would enable the date characteristics of an aggregate work’s contents to be represented in a familiar form.
In addition to the recording of precise dates for the contents of an aggregation, libraries have also assigned resources to date period categories, e.g., with period subdivisions. Field 648 is well defined to carry both specified dates or date spans and authorized terms for chronological periods. The semantics of the date expression are not currently specified. The field is defined for a “Subject added entry in which the entry element is a chronological term.” In order to enable field 648 to be used to specify categorically either the date depicted or covered by a resource or the date of origin of a resource, new values are proposed for the currently undefined first indicator.
First Indicator
# - No information provided [revised]
0 – Date or time period covered or depicted [NEW]
1 – Date or time period of creation or origin [NEW]
In this way, field 648 could be used in combination with field 655 to express a date or time period of creation as is often done now with chronological subdivisions when genre/form terms are used in 650. Best practice guidelines would be used to determine when use of the specified fields would be appropriate.
N.B.: LCSH terms for periods of time are used provisionally in most of the examples. Currently there is no LC controlled vocabulary intended for use in field 648. The use of FAST (Faceted Application of Subject Terminology) chronological headings is also shown in some examples. LCSH terms for literature are used provisionally in 655 in the examples in the absence of comparable LCGFT terms, which are still under development.
Nineteenth century English drama, 1985- [a microform set]
Bibliographic format
Using field 046:
008/6-14 m19859999
046 ## $o 1800 $p 1899
655 #0 $a Drama.Using field 648:
648 10 $a Nineteenth century.
655 #0 $a Drama.Authority format
Using field 046:
046 ## $k 1985 $l 9999 $o 1800 $p 1899
The writings of medieval women : an anthology, published 1994.
Bibliographic format
Using field 046:
008/6-14 s1994####
046 ## $o 0203 $p 1486
655 #0 $a Literature.Using field 648:
648 17 $a 203-1486 $2 fast
648 10 $a Middle Ages.
655 #0 $a Literature.Authority format
Using field 046:
046 ## $k 1994 $o 0203 $p 1486
Samuel Francis Du Pont : a selection from his Civil War letters, published 1969. [a collection of letters dated 1860-1865]
Bibliographic format
Using field 046:
008/6-14 s1969####
046 ## $o 1860 $p 1865
655 #0 $a Letters.Using field 648:
648 17 $a 1860-1865 $2 fast
648 07 $a 1860-1865 $2 fast
655 #0 $a Letters.Authority format
Using field 046:
046 ## $k 1969 $o 1860 $p 1865
Mae West : the glamour collection, copyright 2006 [a DVD set of films originally released 1932-1940]
Bibliographic format:
Using field 046:
008/6-14 s2006####
046 ## $o 1932 $p 1940
655 #7 $a Feature films. $2 lcgft
655 #7 $a Fiction films. $2 lcgftUsing field 648:
648 17 $a 1932-1940 $2 fast
648 10 $a Nineteen thirties.
648 10 $a Nineteen forties.
655 #7 $a Feature films. $2 lcgft
655 #7 $a Fiction films. $2 lcgftAuthority format:
Using field 046:
046 ## $k 2006 $o 1932 $p 1940
House arrest : a search for American character in and around the White House, past and present ; and Piano : two plays, published 2004 [two plays by Anna Deavere Smith; the first, originally commissioned and produced in 1997, jumps among the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, with a focus on the first term of President Bill Clinton; the second, first produced in workshop in 1988 (first professional production in 1990), takes place in 1898]
Bibliographic format
Using field 046:
008/6-14 s2004####
046 ## $o 1988 $p 1997
046 ## $81\c $k 1997
046 ## $82\c $k 1988
655 #0 $81\c$82\c $a Historical drama.
655 #0 $81\c$82\c $a Political plays.
700 12 $81\c $a Smith, Anna Deavere. $t House arrest.
700 12 $82\c $a Smith, Anna Deavere. $t Piano.Using field 648:
648 07 $81\c $a 1993-1997 $2 fast
648 00 $81\c $a Eighteenth century.
648 00 $81\c $a Nineteenth century.
648 00 $81\c $a Twentieth century.
648 17 $81\c $a 1997 $2 fast
648 07 $82\c $a 1898 $2 fast
648 17 $82\c $a 1988 $2 fast
655 #0 $81\c$82\c $a Historical drama.
655 #0 $81\c$82\c $a Political plays.
700 12 $81\c $a Smith, Anna Deavere. $t House arrest.
700 12 $82\c $a Smith, Anna Deavere. $t Piano.Authority format
Using field 046:
046 ## $k 2004 $o 1988 $p 1997
Images from the Qajar Dynasty ; The school blown away by the wind [Two short films directed by Mohsen Makhmalbaf on a DVD published in 2008. The first film (created in 1993) is a short documentary about the Qajar family that ruled Iran from 1785-1925. It shows rare photos and early film shot during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century at the Shah's court. The second film (1996) is a fiction film about a contemporary school for nomad children.]
Bibliographic format
Using field 046:
008/6-14 s2008####
046 ## $o 1993 $p 1996
046 ## $81\c $k 1993
046 ## $82\c $k 1996
655 #7 $81\c $a Documentary films. $2 lcgft
655 #7 $81\c $a Nonfiction films. $2 lcgft
655 #7 $81\c $a Historical films. $2 lcgft
655 #7 $82\c $a Fiction films. $2 lcgft
655 #7 $81\c$82\c $a Short films. $2 lcgft
730 02 $81\c $a Taṣvīr dar dawrān-i Qājār.
730 02 $82\c $a Madrasah-ʻī kih bād burd.Using field 648:
648 07 $81\c $a 1785-1925 $2 fast
648 00 $81\c $a Nineteenth century.
648 00 $81\c$82\c $a Twentieth century.
648 00 $81\c $a Eighteen eighties.
648 00 $81\c $a Eighteen nineties.
648 00 $81\c $a Nineteen hundreds (Decade)
648 00 $81\c $a Nineteen tens.
648 00 $81\c $a Nineteen twenties.
648 17 $81\c $a 1993 $2 fast
648 17 $82\c $a 1996 $2 fast
655 #7 $81\c $a Documentary films. $2 lcgft
655 #7 $81\c $a Nonfiction films. $2 lcgft
655 #7 $81\c $a Historical films. $2 lcgft
655 #7 $82\c $a Fiction films. $2 lcgft
655 #7 $81\c$82\c $a Short films. $2 lcgft
730 02 $81\c $a Taṣvīr dar dawrān-i Qājār.
730 02 $82\c $a Madrasah-ʻī kih bād burd.Authority format
Using field 046:
046 ## $k 2008 $o 1993 $p 1996
4.1. In the MARC 21 Bibliographic and Authority formats, define the following new subfields in field 046 (Special Coded Dates)
$o - Single or starting date for aggregated contents
$p - Ending date for aggregated contents
4.2. In the MARC 21 Bibliographic format, revise the meaning of first indicator value blank and define two new first indicator values for field 648 (Subject Added Entry-Chronological Term):
First Indicator
# - No information provided [revised]
0 – Date or time period covered or depicted [NEW]
1 – Date or time period of creation or origin [NEW]
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